You’re sitting in an armchair, turning pages, and suddenly you realize: you just mentally rehearsed a dialogue between two characters, imagined the smell of rain in an old English garden, and even felt a little sorry for the villain because you finally understood why he turned out that way. At that exact moment, your brain is doing something that looks a lot like heavy weightlifting—only instead of barbells, it’s lifting entire worlds.

1. You learn to read people better than most therapists do in the first session

When you read fiction, you’re constantly solving a tiny detective puzzle: “What is this person really feeling?” The hero says “I don’t care,” but you’ve already noticed the corner of his mouth trembling. You catch micro-emotions, hidden motives, and inner conflicts. Psychologists call this Theory of Mind—the ability to understand that someone else’s thoughts and beliefs can be completely different from what they say out loud.

Research by Canadian cognitive psychologist Keith Oatley has shown that people who regularly read literary fiction perform significantly better on tests that measure the ability to recognize emotions from eyes alone (the famous “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test). In other words, they literally see through people more accurately than those who mostly read non-fiction or rarely read at all. So, a book is essentially an empathy gym. And it often works even better than real life, because in real life we rarely get direct, unfiltered access to someone else’s inner monologue.

2. Your brain plays chess against itself—and wins

To keep track of the plot in Game of Thrones or Crime and Punishment, you have to hold dozens of characters in your head, along with their relationships, motives, lies, and timeline structures. That’s called working memory and executive function. The more intricate the plot, the heavier the cognitive load.

There is even a scientific distinction between literary fiction (serious literature) and genre fiction. A 2013 study published in Science (Kidd & Castano) found that after just 15–20 minutes of reading a short story by Chekhov or Louise Erdrich, people performed noticeably better on empathy and social intelligence tests than after reading popular genre fiction. Why? Because serious literature deliberately leaves gaps—you have to fill them yourself and figure out why the character acted that way, forcing your brain to work harder.

3. The best known protection against Alzheimer’s isn’t crosswords—it’s reading books

Now for the most impressive part. In Chicago, researchers followed 294 older adults for 20 years. Every year they tested memory and thinking, and after the participants passed away (as this was a long-term longitudinal study), they examined their brains. The results were startling.

People who had spent their lives reading a lot, attending lectures, or engaging in other intellectually demanding activities developed Alzheimer’s pathology just as often as everyone else. BUT—the disease symptoms progressed dramatically slower in them, sometimes 3–4 times slower. Their brains were indeed covered with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, yet these people remembered their grandchildren’s names and could walk to the store on their own almost until the very end.

This phenomenon is called Cognitive Reserve. And the activities that build it most effectively are the ones that demand active engagement—not passive consumption (yes, binge-watching TV series unfortunately loses here). It remains one of the most cited concepts in neurodegenerative research.

4. You learn to be alone with yourself—and that’s a rare skill these days

When you read a paper book (or at least turn off notifications on an e-reader), you spend at least 20–30 minutes without external dopamine hits. That trains attention in a way no meditation app can match. Neuroscientist Maryanne Wolf, in her books Proust and the Squid and Reader, Come Home, writes that over the past 20 years we’ve been losing the ability to do deep reading—that state when you’re completely immersed and lose track of time.

This state isn't just pleasant; it physically changes brain structure. People who can still maintain deep reading habits possess better concentration, deeper critical thinking, and higher levels of self-reflection compared to those who only skim digital content.

5. A little spoiler truth to finish

Your brain doesn’t fully distinguish whether you personally lived through an adventure or just read about it. When you read about a hero running from wolves, the same neurons fire as they would during a real chase (just at a lower intensity). This is called embodied simulation. You literally live thousands of lives—and your brain becomes more flexible, richer, and more resilient because of it.

So the next time someone says, “I don’t like reading, it’s boring,” you can calmly reply: “Sorry for your brain. It just skipped a workout that makes the gym look like a playground.”

Read. It’s the cheapest, most effective brain doping humanity has invented in the last 500 years. Just pick up a book. Even one a month. Your brain will thank you—quietly, but very sincerely.

Sources:

• Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science.
• Wilson, R. S., et al. (2013). Life-span cognitive activity, neuropathologic burden, and cognitive aging. Neurology. (Note: This is the updated citation for the Chicago study described).
• Oatley, K. (2016). Fiction: Simulation of Social Worlds. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
• Wolf, M. (2007/2018). Proust and the Squid and Reader, Come Home. HarperCollins.