This study aimed to explore stress levels and mental well-being in rural and urban residents. The sample comprised 294 adults, chosen through convenient sampling. Participants filled out two questionnaires (PWB for psychological well-being and PSS for perceived stress).The value of  Pearson's correlation coefficient of perceived stress is (.79) and mental well-being is (.61). Findings revealed a negative correlation, indicating higher stress levels in urban residents and better mental well-being in rural residents. Additionally, participants aged 40 and above experienced higher stress levels, females reported higher stress than males, and unmarried/unemployed individuals faced elevated stress. Those in the upper socioeconomic status demonstrated better well-being compared to middle and lower status. Overall, the study highlighted the impact of living environment and socio-demographic factors on stress and mental well-being.

The current study attempted to find out the stress level and mental wellbeing among rural and urban residents. The hypothesis suggests that individuals living in urban settings are expected to demonstrate lower levels of mental well-being in comparison to those residing in rural areas. Factors such as social isolation, noise pollution, and high levels of competition in urban environments may contribute to this hypothesized difference. Research exploring the hypothesis that urban residents experience higher stress levels than their rural counterparts are supported by a body of literature. People who live in rural areas frequently deal with stressors such limited access to jobs, educational opportunities, and healthcare facilities. Stress levels can also be elevated in rural areas by the difficulties of working in agriculture, isolation, and a lack of social support systems. Their load may also be increased by the strain of maintaining traditional lifestyles and the absence of recreational and cultural resources. (Lupien et al., 2007).

             According to Lai et al.,2017, rural residents have been investing personal (such as a house or land) and communal (such as ecosystem health, community cohesiveness) resources in rural landscapes to support a way of life, manifest a self-identity, and maintain a sense of well-being. As a result, rural landscapes have significant meanings for them. Land use policies that support rural areas' multiple uses, such as the production of energy and minerals and the preservation of cultural ecosystem services that sustain a sense of place and identity deeply ingrained in the rural landscapes that rural residents aspire to, can lead to land use policies disputes and put the people of the community under stress. Given the positive impacts of nature on health, urban areas lacking in resources related to health provide less opportunities for leisure activities. Therefore, a lack of public green spaces and urban vegetation can be regarded as an environmental burden and a possible health risk. These kinds of responsibilities may frequently coexist with the health hazards brought on by external stressors.

            According to the hypothesis that that Psychological Well-Being is higher in males than females and Stress level is higher in females than males, the hypothesis suggesting higher psychological well-being in males aligns with traditional gender roles and cultural expectations prevalent in many rural communities. Societal norms in rural settings may emphasize resilience, self-reliance, and stoicism, qualities often associated with higher psychological well-being. Additionally, factors such as community support, close-knit social networks, and a potentially less stressful environment might contribute to the proposed gender difference. Conversely, in urban areas, the gender disparity in psychological well-being could be influenced by the complex dynamics of urban living. High levels of competition, fast-paced lifestyles, and increased exposure to stressors might affect individuals differently based on gender. Work-related stress, societal expectations, and access to mental health resources could contribute to variations in psychological well-being between males and females in urban settings.

            In rural areas, the hypothesis suggesting higher stress levels in females may be linked to traditional roles and expectations placed on women. Rural women might face stressors related to agricultural responsibilities, family expectations, and limited access to support services. The lack of anonymity in close-knit rural communities might also impact stress perception among females. In urban settings, the gender disparity in stress levels may be influenced by factors such as workplace dynamics, societal expectations, and the prevalence of stress-inducing environments. Urban females might encounter stressors related to career demands, navigating urban lifestyles, and balancing multiple roles. Access to mental health services and coping mechanisms could also vary between genders in urban areas.

            In rural areas, individuals aged 20-30 might experience higher mental well-being due to factors such as strong community ties, a closer connection to nature, and potentially lower stress associated with the slower pace of rural life. The sense of belonging and support networks in rural communities could positively influence mental well-being. In urban areas, individuals aged 20-30 may benefit from the diverse opportunities, social connections, and access to educational and career resources. The urban environment may provide stimulation, personal growth opportunities, and a variety of experiences that contribute to higher levels of mental well-being in this age group.

            It is hypothesized that individuals belonging to the upper socioeconomic class exhibit higher levels of Psychological Well-Being compared to individuals in lower and middle socioeconomic classes (Adler & Stewat,2007).

In rural areas, individuals belonging to the upper socioeconomic class may experience higher psychological well-being due to factors such as financial stability, access to resources, and potentially closer community ties. Economic advantages in rural settings may provide a sense of security, contribute to social standing, and positively influence overall well-being. Similarly, in urban areas, individuals in the upper socioeconomic class may benefit from enhanced access to educational opportunities, healthcare, and cultural experiences. Urban settings often provide a broader range of services and lifestyle options that can positively impact psychological well-being for those in higher socioeconomic classes. Research by Matthews and Gallo (2011) has explored the complex relationship between SES and stress, acknowledging that the nature and impact of stressors may vary across different socioeconomic strata. The practical significance suggested by the effect size in PSS implies that while there may not be statistically significant differences, there is still substantial variability in how individuals from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds experience stress.

The findings align with existing literature on the association between employment status and mental health. Unemployment has been consistently linked to higher levels of stress and poorer mental well-being. The slightly higher well-being scores among employed individuals and the significantly lower perceived stress levels further emphasize the potential impact of employment on mental health outcomes. Employment can provide individuals with a sense of purpose, social connections, and financial stability, all of which contribute to higher levels of psychological well-being (Warr et al.,1985).

Conversely, unemployed individuals may face challenges related to diminished self-esteem, increased depressive symptoms, and a sense of powerlessness. The loss of social roles and the stigma associated with unemployment can further contribute to lower psychological well-being (Vinokur & van Ryn, 1993).

In conclusion, while the hypotheses may be formed based on initial assumptions, existing literature indicates a strong association between employment status, stress levels, and psychological well-being. Empirical research can further validate or refine these hypotheses, taking into account the complex interplay of individual, social, and economic factors that shape the experiences of individuals in different employment statuses.

The hypothesis that unemployed individuals experience higher stress levels aligns with a wealth of literature. Unemployment is considered a major life stressor, and the stress associated with job loss can have profound effects on mental health. The uncertainty regarding future employment, financial strain, and the loss of social roles contribute to heightened stress among the unemployed (Paul & Moser, 2009). Moreover, the Effort-Reward Imbalance model posits that individuals experiencing job insecurity and unemployment may perceive an imbalance between their efforts and the rewards received, leading to increased stress (Siegrist, 1996). The literature consistently supports the idea that unemployment is a significant predictor of elevated stress levels.

The hypothesis that PWB is higher in married individuals aligns with some findings in the literature. Marriage is often associated with positive mental health outcomes. Research suggests that the social support provided within a marital relationship can contribute to increased life satisfaction and psychological well-being (Umberson et al., 2010). The emotional and instrumental support that spouses offer each other has been linked to better mental health outcomes (Brock et al., 2010). Moreover, the protective effects of marriage on mental health are often attributed to the companionship, stability, and social integration that marriage provides. However, it's essential to note that the relationship between marital status and psychological well-being is complex, and individual variations exist. Some studies indicate that the quality of the marital relationship may be a more critical factor than the mere presence of marriage (Robles et al., 2014).

The hypothesis that stresses levels are higher in unmarried individuals than married individuals is supported by a considerable body of research. Marriage is often considered a protective factor against stress due to the emotional and practical support provided by a spouse (Kiecolt et al., 2001). The buffering effect of marriage on stress is associated with the sharing of responsibilities, coping resources, and a sense of security within the marital relationship. Conversely, unmarried individuals may lack the social and emotional support systems that marriage can offer, potentially leading to increased vulnerability to stressors. Research has shown that unmarried individuals may experience higher levels of perceived stress, especially when facing life challenges without the support of a committed partner (Dush & Amato, 2005).

In conclusion, the hypotheses are in line with prevailing trends in the literature. Marriage is often associated with higher psychological well-being and lower stress levels, although individual experiences can vary. The nuances of these relationships, including the quality of the marital relationship, should be considered for a more comprehensive understanding. Further empirical research is valuable for confirming and refining these hypotheses, taking into account the diverse factors that influence the complex interplay between marital status, psychological well-being, and stress levels.