Tears are a fascinating and deeply human phenomenon. They are much more than a simple liquid that appears when we cry—they are a biological, emotional, and even psychological response that plays a crucial role in our health and well-being. But what exactly are tears, and why do they matter so much? Let’s explore the layers of this seemingly simple yet profoundly meaningful experience.

What Are Tears Made Of?

At their core, tears are a complex liquid secreted by the lacrimal glands. They are made up of 99% water, but the remaining 1% is packed with important substances. Sodium chloride, the same compound that gives table salt its taste, is responsible for the salty flavor of tears. But there’s more: tears also contain calcium sulfate, phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and lysozyme, an enzyme that makes tears naturally antibacterial.

Interestingly, tears also include oleamide, a compound that forms an oily layer on their surface. This layer plays a key role in keeping your eyes hydrated by preventing moisture from evaporating too quickly. In this way, tears are not just emotional expressions but an essential part of maintaining healthy vision.

Why Do We Cry?

Crying serves several essential functions. For one, tears nourish the cornea, which lacks blood vessels, by delivering nutrients and oxygen. They also act as a natural cleaning system, washing away dust, dirt, and other foreign particles that could harm your eyes. This type of tear production is what scientists call reflex tears, and it’s purely physiological.

But tears are not always just about physical protection. Emotional tears, the kind we shed when we’re moved by sadness, joy, or even frustration, come from a different place. These tears are linked to the brain’s emotional centers, proving the intricate connection between our emotions and our biology. It’s this connection that makes crying such a universal human experience.

Can Animals Cry?

The question of whether animals cry emotionally is a debated topic in psychology and biology. Animals certainly produce physiological tears—for example, to protect their eyes from dust or other irritants. But emotional tears? That’s trickier.

Some researchers, like Marc Bekoff, have pointed out evidence that animals like elephants may cry in response to emotional stress. Elephants, known for their strong social bonds, have been observed shedding tears during times of grief. While more research is needed, findings like these challenge the assumption that only humans experience emotional crying.

What About Crocodile Tears?

The term "crocodile tears" is often used to describe insincere emotion. Interestingly, crocodiles really do shed tears, but it has nothing to do with feelings. Their tears help expel excess salts from their bodies and are triggered during the act of eating. Other reptiles, like tortoises and sea snakes, exhibit similar behaviors, but in all these cases, the tears are purely physiological.

Are All Tears the Same?

Not all tears are created equal. Research by American biochemist William Frey revealed that emotional tears differ in composition from reflex tears. Emotional tears tend to contain higher levels of proteins, stress hormones, and manganese. This suggests that crying could be a way for the body to release chemicals that build up during times of stress. These tears are often more viscous and leave noticeable streaks on the skin.

Is Crying Healthy?

The act of crying is not just emotionally cathartic—it has physical and psychological benefits too. Studies show that people who suppress their tears are more likely to suffer from stress-related illnesses, such as ulcers and colitis. Emotional tears can act as a pressure valve, helping to release pent-up feelings and reduce internal stress.

However, the effects of crying can vary. Research by Ad Vingerhoets indicates that people don’t always feel better immediately after crying. While there might be an initial dip in mood, many report feeling calmer and more stable about 90 minutes later. Interestingly, crying in a supportive environment—such as with a trusted friend—tends to lead to more positive outcomes than crying in public or in situations where tears feel stigmatized.

Why Do We Cry From Joy?

Crying isn’t always about sadness or distress. Joyful crying is another fascinating phenomenon, driven by the same stress-relief mechanism. Strong positive emotions, such as happiness or relief, create a similar physiological reaction in the body. The tears help regulate emotional intensity and restore balance, whether the trigger is grief or celebration.

Do Women Cry More Than Men?

Social and biological factors both play a role here. Testosterone is known to suppress crying, while the female hormone prolactin appears to increase tear production. Cultural expectations also shape crying behavior. Men are often taught to see crying as a sign of weakness, leading them to suppress tears more frequently, especially in public.

Interestingly, women’s greater openness to crying may offer them a biological advantage. By releasing stress through tears, women may be protecting themselves from stress-related health issues, which could partially explain their longer average lifespan.

Are There People Who Don’t Cry?

It’s rare, but some people produce fewer tears due to medical conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that causes dry eyes. Beyond the physical discomfort, these individuals may also struggle emotionally, as the inability to cry can hinder their ability to process and express feelings. This highlights the crucial psychological role tears play in helping us connect with ourselves and others.

How to Handle Tears?

Sometimes, we need to cry but feel the urge to suppress it. Deep breathing, drinking cold water, or focusing on a neutral object can help redirect the emotional build-up. However, if possible, allowing yourself to cry can be a healthier choice. Tears are a natural way for your body to heal, emotionally and physically.

If you’ve cried, remember to take care of yourself afterward. Avoid rubbing your eyes, and instead, use a cold compress to soothe any swelling. This small act of self-care can help you feel more composed and centered.